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#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: ascii -*-
###########################################################################
# PBKDF2.py - PKCS#5 v2.0 Password-Based Key Derivation
#
# Copyright (C) 2007 Dwayne C. Litzenberger <dlitz@dlitz.net>
# All rights reserved.
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
# supporting documentation.
#
# THE AUTHOR PROVIDES THIS SOFTWARE ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESSED OR
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
# OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
# INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
# NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# Country of origin: Canada
#
###########################################################################
# Sample PBKDF2 usage:
# from Crypto.Cipher import AES
# from PBKDF2 import PBKDF2
# import os
#
# salt = os.urandom(8) # 64-bit salt
# key = PBKDF2("This passphrase is a secret.", salt).read(32) # 256-bit key
# iv = os.urandom(16) # 128-bit IV
# cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
# ...
#
# Sample crypt() usage:
# from PBKDF2 import crypt
# pwhash = crypt("secret")
# alleged_pw = raw_input("Enter password: ")
# if pwhash == crypt(alleged_pw, pwhash):
# print "Password good"
# else:
# print "Invalid password"
#
###########################################################################
# History:
#
# 2007-07-27 Dwayne C. Litzenberger <dlitz@dlitz.net>
# - Initial Release (v1.0)
#
# 2007-07-31 Dwayne C. Litzenberger <dlitz@dlitz.net>
# - Bugfix release (v1.1)
# - SECURITY: The PyCrypto XOR cipher (used, if available, in the _strxor
# function in the previous release) silently truncates all keys to 64
# bytes. The way it was used in the previous release, this would only be
# problem if the pseudorandom function that returned values larger than
# 64 bytes (so SHA1, SHA256 and SHA512 are fine), but I don't like
# anything that silently reduces the security margin from what is
# expected.
#
###########################################################################
__version__ = "1.1"
from struct import pack
from binascii import b2a_hex
from random import randint
from base64 import b64encode
from beaker.crypto.util import hmac as HMAC, hmac_sha1 as SHA1
def strxor(a, b):
return "".join([chr(ord(x) ^ ord(y)) for (x, y) in zip(a, b)])
class PBKDF2(object):
"""PBKDF2.py : PKCS#5 v2.0 Password-Based Key Derivation
This implementation takes a passphrase and a salt (and optionally an
iteration count, a digest module, and a MAC module) and provides a
file-like object from which an arbitrarily-sized key can be read.
If the passphrase and/or salt are unicode objects, they are encoded as
UTF-8 before they are processed.
The idea behind PBKDF2 is to derive a cryptographic key from a
passphrase and a salt.
PBKDF2 may also be used as a strong salted password hash. The
'crypt' function is provided for that purpose.
Remember: Keys generated using PBKDF2 are only as strong as the
passphrases they are derived from.
"""
def __init__(self, passphrase, salt, iterations=1000,
digestmodule=SHA1, macmodule=HMAC):
if not callable(macmodule):
macmodule = macmodule.new
self.__macmodule = macmodule
self.__digestmodule = digestmodule
self._setup(passphrase, salt, iterations, self._pseudorandom)
def _pseudorandom(self, key, msg):
"""Pseudorandom function. e.g. HMAC-SHA1"""
return self.__macmodule(key=key, msg=msg,
digestmod=self.__digestmodule).digest()
def read(self, bytes):
"""Read the specified number of key bytes."""
if self.closed:
raise ValueError("file-like object is closed")
size = len(self.__buf)
blocks = [self.__buf]
i = self.__blockNum
while size < bytes:
i += 1
if i > 0xffffffff:
# We could return "" here, but
raise OverflowError("derived key too long")
block = self.__f(i)
blocks.append(block)
size += len(block)
buf = "".join(blocks)
retval = buf[:bytes]
self.__buf = buf[bytes:]
self.__blockNum = i
return retval
def __f(self, i):
# i must fit within 32 bits
assert (1 <= i and i <= 0xffffffff)
U = self.__prf(self.__passphrase, self.__salt + pack("!L", i))
result = U
for j in xrange(2, 1+self.__iterations):
U = self.__prf(self.__passphrase, U)
result = strxor(result, U)
return result
def hexread(self, octets):
"""Read the specified number of octets. Return them as hexadecimal.
Note that len(obj.hexread(n)) == 2*n.
"""
return b2a_hex(self.read(octets))
def _setup(self, passphrase, salt, iterations, prf):
# Sanity checks:
# passphrase and salt must be str or unicode (in the latter
# case, we convert to UTF-8)
if isinstance(passphrase, unicode):
passphrase = passphrase.encode("UTF-8")
if not isinstance(passphrase, str):
raise TypeError("passphrase must be str or unicode")
if isinstance(salt, unicode):
salt = salt.encode("UTF-8")
if not isinstance(salt, str):
raise TypeError("salt must be str or unicode")
# iterations must be an integer >= 1
if not isinstance(iterations, (int, long)):
raise TypeError("iterations must be an integer")
if iterations < 1:
raise ValueError("iterations must be at least 1")
# prf must be callable
if not callable(prf):
raise TypeError("prf must be callable")
self.__passphrase = passphrase
self.__salt = salt
self.__iterations = iterations
self.__prf = prf
self.__blockNum = 0
self.__buf = ""
self.closed = False
def close(self):
"""Close the stream."""
if not self.closed:
del self.__passphrase
del self.__salt
del self.__iterations
del self.__prf
del self.__blockNum
del self.__buf
self.closed = True
def crypt(word, salt=None, iterations=None):
"""PBKDF2-based unix crypt(3) replacement.
The number of iterations specified in the salt overrides the 'iterations'
parameter.
The effective hash length is 192 bits.
"""
# Generate a (pseudo-)random salt if the user hasn't provided one.
if salt is None:
salt = _makesalt()
# salt must be a string or the us-ascii subset of unicode
if isinstance(salt, unicode):
salt = salt.encode("us-ascii")
if not isinstance(salt, str):
raise TypeError("salt must be a string")
# word must be a string or unicode (in the latter case, we convert to UTF-8)
if isinstance(word, unicode):
word = word.encode("UTF-8")
if not isinstance(word, str):
raise TypeError("word must be a string or unicode")
# Try to extract the real salt and iteration count from the salt
if salt.startswith("$p5k2$"):
(iterations, salt, dummy) = salt.split("$")[2:5]
if iterations == "":
iterations = 400
else:
converted = int(iterations, 16)
if iterations != "%x" % converted: # lowercase hex, minimum digits
raise ValueError("Invalid salt")
iterations = converted
if not (iterations >= 1):
raise ValueError("Invalid salt")
# Make sure the salt matches the allowed character set
allowed = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789./"
for ch in salt:
if ch not in allowed:
raise ValueError("Illegal character %r in salt" % (ch,))
if iterations is None or iterations == 400:
iterations = 400
salt = "$p5k2$$" + salt
else:
salt = "$p5k2$%x$%s" % (iterations, salt)
rawhash = PBKDF2(word, salt, iterations).read(24)
return salt + "$" + b64encode(rawhash, "./")
# Add crypt as a static method of the PBKDF2 class
# This makes it easier to do "from PBKDF2 import PBKDF2" and still use
# crypt.
PBKDF2.crypt = staticmethod(crypt)
def _makesalt():
"""Return a 48-bit pseudorandom salt for crypt().
This function is not suitable for generating cryptographic secrets.
"""
binarysalt = "".join([pack("@H", randint(0, 0xffff)) for i in range(3)])
return b64encode(binarysalt, "./")
def test_pbkdf2():
"""Module self-test"""
from binascii import a2b_hex
#
# Test vectors from RFC 3962
#
# Test 1
result = PBKDF2("password", "ATHENA.MIT.EDUraeburn", 1).read(16)
expected = a2b_hex("cdedb5281bb2f801565a1122b2563515")
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# Test 2
result = PBKDF2("password", "ATHENA.MIT.EDUraeburn", 1200).hexread(32)
expected = ("5c08eb61fdf71e4e4ec3cf6ba1f5512b"
"a7e52ddbc5e5142f708a31e2e62b1e13")
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# Test 3
result = PBKDF2("X"*64, "pass phrase equals block size", 1200).hexread(32)
expected = ("139c30c0966bc32ba55fdbf212530ac9"
"c5ec59f1a452f5cc9ad940fea0598ed1")
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# Test 4
result = PBKDF2("X"*65, "pass phrase exceeds block size", 1200).hexread(32)
expected = ("9ccad6d468770cd51b10e6a68721be61"
"1a8b4d282601db3b36be9246915ec82a")
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
#
# Other test vectors
#
# Chunked read
f = PBKDF2("kickstart", "workbench", 256)
result = f.read(17)
result += f.read(17)
result += f.read(1)
result += f.read(2)
result += f.read(3)
expected = PBKDF2("kickstart", "workbench", 256).read(40)
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
#
# crypt() test vectors
#
# crypt 1
result = crypt("cloadm", "exec")
expected = '$p5k2$$exec$r1EWMCMk7Rlv3L/RNcFXviDefYa0hlql'
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# crypt 2
result = crypt("gnu", '$p5k2$c$u9HvcT4d$.....')
expected = '$p5k2$c$u9HvcT4d$Sd1gwSVCLZYAuqZ25piRnbBEoAesaa/g'
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# crypt 3
result = crypt("dcl", "tUsch7fU", iterations=13)
expected = "$p5k2$d$tUsch7fU$nqDkaxMDOFBeJsTSfABsyn.PYUXilHwL"
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
# crypt 4 (unicode)
result = crypt(u'\u0399\u03c9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2',
'$p5k2$$KosHgqNo$9mjN8gqjt02hDoP0c2J0ABtLIwtot8cQ')
expected = '$p5k2$$KosHgqNo$9mjN8gqjt02hDoP0c2J0ABtLIwtot8cQ'
if result != expected:
raise RuntimeError("self-test failed")
if __name__ == '__main__':
test_pbkdf2()
# vim:set ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 expandtab: